Ensiklopedia

Perjanjian tidak setara
	Nama Tionghoa
Hanzi tradisional :	不平等條約
Hanzi sederhana :	不平等条约
Alih aksara
	Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin :	bù-píngděng tiáoyuē
- Wade-Giles :	pu 1 pʻing 2 teng 3 tʻiao 2 yüeh 1
	Yue (Kantonis)
- Jyutping :	bat1 ping4 dang2 tiu4 joek3
	Nama Jepang
Kanji :	不平等条約
Alih aksara
- Romaji :	fu byōdō jōyaku
	Nama Korea
Hangul :	불평등 조약
Hanja :	不平等條約
Alih aksara
- Romanisasi :	bulpyeongdeung joyak
- McCune-Reischauer :	pulp'yŏngdŭng choyak

Perjanjian-perjanjian tidak setara adalah serangkaian kesepakatan yang dibuat antara negara-negara Asia—terutama Tiongkok Qing , Jepang Tokugawa , dan Korea Joseon —dan negara-negara Barat—terutama Britania Raya , Prancis , Jerman , Austria-Hungaria , Italia , Amerika Serikat dan Rusia —selama abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. ^{[

1

]} Perjanjian-perjanjian ini seringkali ditandatangani setelah pihak Asia mengalami kekalahan militer, atau di tengah ancaman militer yang dibuat oleh pihak Barat. Persyaratan-persyaratannya merinci kewajiban-kewajiban yang harus ditanggung hampir sepenuhnya oleh pihak Asia dan termasuk ketentuan seperti penyerahan wilayah, pembayaran reparasi, pembukaan pelabuhan perjanjian , penyerahan hak untuk mengendalikan bea dan impor, dan pemberian ekstrateritorialitas kepada warganegara asing. ^{[

2

]}

Dengan meningkatnya nasionalisme Tiongkok dan anti-imperialisme pada tahun 1920-an, baik Kuomintang maupun Partai Komunis Tiongkok menggunakan konsep tersebut untuk mencirikan pengalaman Tiongkok kehilangan kedaulatannya antara sekitar tahun 1840 hingga 1950. Istilah "perjanjian tidak setara" kemudian dikaitkan dengan konsep " abad penghinaan " Tiongkok, terutama dan hilangnya otonomi bea melalui pelabuhan perjanjian , dan terus menjadi pendorong utama bagi hingga hari ini.

Jepang dan Korea juga menggunakan istilah tersebut untuk merujuk pada beberapa perjanjian yang berakibat pada berkurangnya kedaulatan nasional mereka. Jepang dan Tiongkok menandatangani perjanjian dengan Korea seperti Perjanjian Jepang–Korea 1876 dan Perjanjian Tiongkok–Korea 1882 , dengan masing-masing perjanjian memberikan hak istimewa kepada Jepang dan Tiongkok terkait dengan Korea. Jepang setelah Restorasi Meiji juga mulai memberlakukan perjanjian tidak setara terhadap Tiongkok setelah kemenangannya dalam Perang Tiongkok–Jepang Pertama untuk pengaruh atas Korea dan juga pelabuhan dan wilayah pesisir Tiongkok.

Daftar perjanjian-perjanjian tidak setara

Dikenakan pada Tiongkok

Perjanjian		Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Nama dalam bahasa Indonesia	Nama dalam bahasa Tionghoa	Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Perjanjian Nanking	南京條約	1842	Britania Raya	Dinasti Qing
	虎門條約	1843	Britania Raya
	中美望廈條約	1844	Amerika Serikat
	黃埔條約	1844	Prancis
	中瑞廣州條約	1847	Swedia-Norwegia
	中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程	1851	Kekaisaran Rusia
Perjanjian Aigun	璦琿條約	1858	Kekaisaran Rusia
Perjanjian Tientsin (1858)	天津條約	1858	Prancis
			Britania Raya
			Kekaisaran Rusia
			Amerika Serikat
Konvensi Peking	北京條約	1860	Britania Raya
			Prancis
			Kekaisaran Rusia
	中德通商条约	1861	Prusia , juga untuk
	煙臺條約	1876	Britania Raya
Perjanjian Livadia	里瓦幾亞條約	1879	Kekaisaran Rusia
Perjanjian Sankt-Peterburg	伊犁條約	1881	Kekaisaran Rusia
	中法新約	1885	Prancis
	中葡北京條約	1887	Portugal
Perjanjian Shimonoseki (Perjanjian Maguan)	馬關條約	1895	Jepang
Perjanjian Li–Lobanov	中俄密約	1896	Kekaisaran Rusia
	旅大租地条约	1898	Kekaisaran Rusia
Konvensi untuk Perluasan Wilayah Hong Kong	展拓香港界址專條	1898	Britania Raya
[ fr ]	廣州灣租界條約	1899	Prancis
Protokol Petinju	辛丑條約	1901	Britania Raya
			Amerika Serikat
			Jepang
			Kekaisaran Rusia
			Prancis
			Kekaisaran Jerman
			Italia
			Austria-Hungaria
			Belgia
			Spanyol
			Belanda
Perjanjian Tiongkok-Swedia 1908 ^{[ 3 ]}	中瑞通商條約	1908	Swedia
Konvensi Simla	西姆拉條約	1914	Britania Raya	Republik Tiongkok
Dua Puluh Satu Tuntutan	二十一條	1915	Jepang
Perjanjian Pertahanan Bersama Tiongkok-Jepang	中日共同防敵軍事協定	1918	Jepang
Gencatan Senjata Tanggu	塘沽協定	1933	Jepang

Dikenakan pada Jepang

Perjanjian			Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Nama dalam bahasa Inggris		Nama dalam bahasa Jepang	Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Konvensi Kanagawa		日米和親条約	1854 ^{[ 4 ]}	Amerika Serikat	Keshogunan Tokugawa
Perjanjian Persahabatan Inggris-Jepang		日英和親条約	1854 ^{[ 5 ]}	Britania Raya
Perjanjian Shimoda		下田条約	1855	Kekaisaran Rusia
Perjanjian-perjanjian Ansei
	Perjanjian Persahabatan dan Komersial antara Amerika Serikat dan Jepang (Perjanjian Harris)	安政条約	1858 ^{[ 6 ]}	Amerika Serikat
				Belanda
	Perjanjian Persahabatan dan Komersial antara Kekaisaran Rusia dan Jepang			Kekaisaran Rusia
				Britania Raya
				Prancis
		日普修好通商条約	1861 ^{[ 7 ]}	Prusia
		日墺修好通商航海条約	1868 ^{[ 8 ]}	Austria-Hungaria	Jepang
		日西修好通商航海条約	1868 ^{[ 9 ]}	Spanyol
		日墨修好通商航海条約	1888	Meksiko
Retrosesi menyusul Intervensi Tiga Negara [ ja ]		遼東還付条約	1895 ^{[ 10 ]}	Prancis Kekaisaran Rusia Kekaisaran Jerman

Dikenakan pada Korea

Perjanjian		Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Nama dalam bahasa Inggris	Nama dalam bahasa Korea	Tahun	Dikenakan oleh	Dikenakan pada
Perjanjian Jepang–Korea 1876 (Perjanjian Ganghwa)	강화도 조약 (江華島條約)	1876 ^{[ 11 ]}	Jepang	Dinasti Joseon
Perjanjian Korea–Amerika Serikat 1882	조미수호통상조약 (朝美修好通商條約)	1882 ^{[ 12 ]}	Amerika Serikat
	제물포 조약 (濟物浦條約)	1882	Jepang
Perjanjian Tiongkok–Korea 1882 (Peraturan Komunikasi dan Komersial Joseon-Qing)	조청상민수륙무역장정 (朝淸商民水陸貿易章程)	1882 ^{[ 13 ]}	Dinasti Qing
	조독수호통상조약 (朝獨修好通商條約)	1883 ^{[ 14 ]}	Kekaisaran Jerman
	조영수호통상조약 (朝英修好通商條約)	1883 ^{[ 15 ]}	Britania Raya
	조로수호통상조약 (朝露修好通商條約)	1884 ^{[ 16 ]}	Kekaisaran Rusia
	조이수호통상조약 (朝伊修好通商條約)	1884 ^{[ 17 ]}	Italia
	한성조약 (漢城條約)	1885 ^{[ 18 ]}	Jepang
	조불수호통상조약 (朝佛修好通商條約)	1886 ^{[ 19 ]}	Prancis
	조오수호통상조약 (朝奧修好通商條約)	1892 ^{[ 20 ]}	Austria-Hungaria
	조벨수호통상조약 (朝白修好通商條約)	1901 ^{[ 21 ]}	Belgia	Kekaisaran Korea
Perjanjian Denmark–Korea 1902	조덴수호통상조약 (朝丁修好通商條約)	1902 ^{[ 22 ]}	Denmark
	한일의정서 (韓日議定書)	1904 ^{[ 23 ]}	Jepang ^{[ 24 ]}
	제1차 한일협약 (第一次韓日協約)	1904 ^{[ 25 ]}	Jepang ^{[ 26 ]}
		1905 ^{[ 27 ]}	Jepang ^{[ 28 ]}
		1905 ^{[ 29 ]}	Jepang ^{[ 30 ]}
	제2차 한일협약 (第二次韓日協約) ( 을사조약 (乙巳條約) )	1905 ^{[ 31 ]}	Jepang ^{[ 32 ]}
	제3차 한일협약 (第三次韓日協約) ( 정미조약 (丁未條約) )	1907 ^{[ 33 ]}	Jepang
Perjanjian Jepang–Korea 1910	한일병합조약 (韓日倂合條約)	1910 ^{[ 34 ]}	Jepang

Referensi

^ "Unequal Treaties with China" . Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe . Diakses tanggal 2022-05-22 .
^ Fravel, M. Taylor (2005-10-01). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes". International Security . 30 (2): 46– 83. doi : 10.1162/016228805775124534 . ISSN 0162-2889 . S2CID 56347789 .
^ Ingemar Ottosson (2019). Möten i monsunen .
^ Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 17. , hlm. 17, pada Google Books
^ Auslin, p. 30. , hlm. 30, pada Google Books
^ Auslin, pp. 1, 7. , hlm. 1, pada Google Books
^ Auslin, p. 71. , hlm. 71, pada Google Books
^ Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 154. , hlm. 154, pada Google Books
^ Howland, Douglas (2016). International Law and Japanese Sovereignty: The Emerging Global Order in the 19th Century . Springer. ISBN 9781137567772 .
^ Dreyer, June Teufel (2016). Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese Relations, Past and Present (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-537566-4 .
^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 33. , hlm. 33, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty Between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."
^ Korean Mission, p. 29. , hlm. 29, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
^ Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Diarsipkan October 5, 2011, di Wayback Machine . Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23, 1883."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26, 1883."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25, 1884."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26, 1884."
^ Yi, Kwang-gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. (2003). Korean Traditional Culture, p. 63. , hlm. 63, pada Google Books ; excerpt, " The so-called Hanseong Treaty was concluded between Korea and Japan. Korea paid compensation for Japanese losses. Japan and China worked out the Tien-Tsin Treaty, which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea ."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated June 4, 1886."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23, 1892."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23, 1901."
^ Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated July 15, 1902."
^ Korean Mission, p. 34. , hlm. 34, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904."
^ Note that the Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C., 1921–1922 identified this as "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904"
^ Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904."
^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904"
^ Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905."
^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905"
^ Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905."
^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905"
^ Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905"
^ Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated July 24, 1907."
^ Korean Mission, p. 36. , hlm. 36, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 20, 1910."

Pranala luar

(Inggris) TREATY PORTS & EXTRATERRITORIALITY IN 1920s CHINA

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan . Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan .

[1] "Unequal Treaties with China" . Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe . Diakses tanggal 2022-05-22 .

[2] Fravel, M. Taylor (2005-10-01). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes". International Security . 30 (2): 46– 83. doi : 10.1162/016228805775124534 . ISSN 0162-2889 . S2CID 56347789 .

[3] Ingemar Ottosson (2019). Möten i monsunen .

[4] Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 17. , hlm. 17, pada Google Books

[5] Auslin, p. 30. , hlm. 30, pada Google Books

[6] Auslin, pp. 1, 7. , hlm. 1, pada Google Books

[7] Auslin, p. 71. , hlm. 71, pada Google Books

[8] Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 154. , hlm. 154, pada Google Books

[9] Howland, Douglas (2016). International Law and Japanese Sovereignty: The Emerging Global Order in the 19th Century . Springer. ISBN 9781137567772 .

[10] Dreyer, June Teufel (2016). Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese Relations, Past and Present (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-537566-4 .

[11] Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 33. , hlm. 33, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty Between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."

[12] Korean Mission, p. 29. , hlm. 29, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."

[13] Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Diarsipkan October 5, 2011, di Wayback Machine . Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.

[14] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23, 1883."

[15] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26, 1883."

[16] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25, 1884."

[17] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26, 1884."

[18] Yi, Kwang-gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. (2003). Korean Traditional Culture, p. 63. , hlm. 63, pada Google Books ; excerpt, " The so-called Hanseong Treaty was concluded between Korea and Japan. Korea paid compensation for Japanese losses. Japan and China worked out the Tien-Tsin Treaty, which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea ."

[19] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated June 4, 1886."

[20] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23, 1892."

[21] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23, 1901."

[22] Korean Mission, p. 32. , hlm. 32, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated July 15, 1902."

[23] Korean Mission, p. 34. , hlm. 34, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904."

[24] Note that the Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C., 1921–1922 identified this as "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904"

[25] Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904."

[26] Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904"

[27] Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905."

[28] Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905"

[29] Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905."

[30] Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905"

[31] Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."

[32] Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905"

[33] Korean Mission, p. 35. , hlm. 35, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated July 24, 1907."

[34] Korean Mission, p. 36. , hlm. 36, pada Google Books ; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 20, 1910."

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