Gerakan Budaya Baru
pada pertengahan dasawarsa 1910-an hingga 1920-an adalah gerakan yang muncul akibat kekecewaan terhadap budaya tradisional Tionghoa setelah
Republik Tiongkok
(yang didirikan tahun 1912) gagal menyelesaikan masalah-masalah Tiongkok. Para cendekiawan seperti
Chen Duxiu
,
Cai Yuanpei
,
Li Dazhao
,
Lu Xun
,
Zhou Zuoren
,
, dan
Hu Shih
dididik dengan latar belakang
Kong Hu Cu
, tetapi kemudian mereka memimpin gerakan intelektual yang menentang nilai-nilai Kong Hu Cu. Mereka menyerukan agar Tiongkok memperbaharui budayanya dengan mengikuti standar global dan barat, terutama dalam hal
demokrasi
dan ilmu pengetahuan.
Guy Alitto,
The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-Ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979). Biography of a conservative New Culture figure.
Kai-wing Chow,
Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm: In Search of Chinese Modernity
(Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefied, 2008). Essays on new aspects of the movement,including an Introduction which reviews recent re-thinking.
Chow Tse-tsung,
The May Fourth Movement
. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. Standard comprehensive survey and analysis.
Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena,
, and Graham Martin Sanders, eds.
The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001. Revisionist study.
Jerome B. Grieder,
Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance; Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917-193
7 (Cambridge,: Harvard University Press, 1970). Careful study of central figure.
Hayford, Charles W.,
To the People: James Yen and Village China
. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Early chapters describe the role of popular education in the New Culture.
Lanza, Fabio,
Behind the Gate: Inventing Students in Beijing
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
ISBN
978-0-231-15238-9
. Study of student culture and institutions during the New Culture period.
Leo Ou-fan Lee,
Voices from the Iron House : A Study of Lu Xun
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). Biography and literary analysis.
Yusheng Lin,
The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Antitraditionalism in the May Fourth Era
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979). Early critique of the New Culture Movement as "iconoclastic."
Manela, Erez.
The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism
. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Describes the global influences on Chinese youth.
,
Li Ta-Chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism
(Cambridge,: Harvard University Press, 1967). Intellectual biography of key leader and co-founder of Chinese Communist Party.
,
A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World
(Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). Traces the fate of New Culture ideals through the rest of the century.
Schwarcz, Vera.
The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Argues that May Fourth ideals were betrayed.
. "Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After." In
Cambridge History of China
, Vol. 12, pt. 1: Republican China, 1912–1949, 406–504. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Overview of intellectual and cultural history.
The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980.
Includes many New Culture leaders and their experience of revolution.
Zarrow, Peter.
Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
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