Pada zaman Republik Romawi , ekonomi Romawi kebanyakan adalah pertanian , terpusat pada perdagangan komoditas seperti bahan pokok dan wine. [ 2 ] Pasar-pasar finansial menghimpun perdagangan semacam itu, dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan dihimpun untuk pemakaian pribadi dan infrastruktur umum, utamanya didirikan melalui kekayaan antar-keluarga. [ 3 ]
Catatan dan referensi
- ^ "Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2006 AD" . . Diakses tanggal September 18, 2012 .
- ^ Garnsey, Peter, et al. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. 2nd ed., University of California Press, 2015, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt9qh25h.
- ^ Temin, Peter. “Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 64, no. 3, 2004, pp. 705–733., www.jstor.org/stable/3874817.
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- (1980). "Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.–A.D. 400)". . 70 : 101– 125. doi : 10.2307/299558 .
- (1995/6): "Rome, Taxes, Rents, and Trade", Kodai , Vol. 6/7, pp. 41–75
- ; (2009). "GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies (1–1820 AD). A Revision of the Estimates". Rivista di storia economica . 25 (3): 391– 420.
- (2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922721-1
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- Patterson, C. C. (1972). "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times". The Economic History Review . 25 (2): 205– 235. doi : 10.2307/2593904 .
- Scheidel, Walter (April 2006): Population and Demography , Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, Version 1.0
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- Settle, Dorothy M.; Patterson, Clair C. (1980). "Lead in Albacore: Guide to Lead Pollution in Americans". Science . 207 (4436): 1167– 1176. doi : 10.1126/science.6986654 . PMID 6986654 .
- Sim, David; Ridge, Isabel (2002): Iron for the Eagles. The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire, ISBN 0-7524-1900-5
- Smith, A. H. V. (1997). "Provenance of Coals from Roman Sites in England and Wales". . 28 : 297– 324. doi : 10.2307/526770 .
- (2006): "Estimating GDP in the Early Roman Empire", (ed.): Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano , Edipuglia, Bari, ISBN 978-88-7228-405-6 , pp. 31–54
- (2002). "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy". . 92 : 1– 32. doi : 10.1017/s0075435800032135 .
Bacaan tambahan
- Bowman, A. K. and (eds) (2009), Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, Oxford Studies in the Roman Economy 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford
- Bowman, A. K. and (eds) (2012), Settlement, Urbanisation and Population, Oxford Studies in the Roman Economy 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford
- Scheidel, Walter ; ; Saller, Richard, eds. (2007): The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-78053-7
- (2006). "The Economy of the Early Roman Empire". . 20 (1): 133– 151. doi : 10.1257/089533006776526148 . ISSN 0895-3309 .